20 February 2000

Satcoms

Cancom to Uplink Astral Media Services
Canadian Satellite Communications Inc (Cancom) has announced a series of agreements for comprehensive uplinking and distribution services for Astral Media Inc's television services over the next five years.

Astral Media is the largest provider of English and French pay, speciality and pay-per-view television services in Canada. The Astral Media operated television services covered by these agreements include TMN-The Movie Network; Moviepix; Viewer's Choice Canada PPV; Canal Indigo; Super Ecran; Canal Famille; Canal D; Series+; Historia and others.

The services to be provided by Cancom include encryption, uplinking, space segment, and subscriber activation, all on the General Instrument Digicipher II Ku-Band platform.

The services covered by the agreements will migrate to the Cancom platform over 2000, beginning this month.

Globalstar Opens Venezuelan Gateway
TE.SA.M. (Telecommunications par Satellites Mobiles), one of Globalstar's service partners, has officially opened the newest Globalstar gateway inLos Velasquez, Venezuela, bringing the total number of fully operational gateways to thirteen.

This gateway will provide mobile satellite telephone service across all of Venezuela as well as several neighbouring countries, including Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana, and a number of French southern Caribbean islands.

To mark the occasion, Hugo Chavez Frias, President of Venezuela, attended the opening ceremonies and made the first official Globalstar call through the gateway, speaking to staff at the Venezuelan Embassy in Washington.

TE.SA.M., which is a joint venture between France Telecom and Alcatel, is now conducting detailed commissioning and system tests, to be followed by a period of friendly user trials. Once full commercial service is introduced, TE.SA.M. Venezuela will aim its marketing effort initially at the petroleum, mining and agricultural industries, which are based in areas outside the range of existing cellular service.

In addition to the Venezuela gateway, TE.SA.M. also owns and already operates Globalstar gateways in France and Argentina, and will open gateways in Peru, Turkey and Senegal within the next few months.

InterPacket and iBEAM Broadcasting Sign Deal for Global Streaming Content Distribution
iBEAM Broadcasting Corporation, a leading Internet broadcast network, and InterPacket, the world's leading satellite-based Internet services network, have announced a multi-year agreement that will enable iBEAM to deliver streaming content to edge servers and regional data centres around the world.

iBEAM will utilise InterPacket's global satellite broadcast network and its hundreds of points-of-presence located in more than 80 countries around the world.

InterPacket will give iBEAM access to multiple teleports and satellite transportation to deliver streams to major international centres. InterPacket will provide points-of-presence, installation, uplink, transport and network monitoring services to iBEAM in Europe, Asia, Latin America, Middle East and Africa.

Microsoft and Gilat Team for Broadband Internet Service
Microsoft Corp and Gilat Satellite Networks Ltd have announced plans to provide the first consumer two-way high-speed Internet access via satellite in the US. Trials of the service have begun, and wide availability of service is expected by the end of 2000, the companies said in a statement.

The new company will launch its US service in the second half of 2000 and has a target of one million subscribers within three years and a total of 2.7 million subscribers by 2005. Marketing will focus on rural and suburban areas where high speed Internet connections are not available terrestrially over cable or using xDSL. Monthly fees will be in the range US$ 55 to US$ 70.

Gilat has formed a new company, Gilat-To-Home, to deliver two-way broadband satellite access to consumers. After receiving all necessary approvals, Microsoft expects to invest US$50 million, and it will initially hold a 26 percent stake in the new US-based company which will have its headquarters in McLean, Virginia. In addition to its cash investment, Microsoft has plans to purchase a significant number of VSAT terminals over the initial four-year period, subject to completion of technological milestones. Both companies will contribute significant technology and financial resources to Gilat-To-Home. After the addition of further investors, Gilat expects its shareholding will be around 35%.

Gilat-To-Home two-way satellite service users can expect Internet access speeds up to 10 times faster then normal modem speeds, with burst rate considerably higher. The service will be based on Gilat's SkyBlaster VSAT product which can support forward path data rates of up to 40 Mb/s and return path rates of up to 154 kb/s. Two-way satellite service offers significant benefits for consumers, including a persistent or "always on" connection that saves time when dialling up to the Internet and eliminates the need for a second telephone line. Microsoft Network (MSN) and Gilat plan future offerings, including satellite broadcast and multicast services.

The MSN Internet Access broadband satellite offering will be available directly from Microsoft as well as through retailers offering MSN. The retail offer will roll out first at Tandy Corp's RadioShacks throughout the United States as part of Microsoft's recently announced strategic alliance with RadioShack and the resulting "store-within-a-store" presence.

Sirius and XM Radio to Develop Unified Radio Standards
Sirius Satellite Radio and XM Satellite Radio have announced an agreement to develop a unified standard for satellite radios.

This standard is expected to accelerate growth of the satellite radio market by enabling consumers to purchase one radio capable of receiving both companies' broadcasts. XM Radio and Sirius will jointly fund development of the technology and work together to proliferate the new standard by creating a service mark for satellite radio. As part of the agreement, each company will contribute its intellectual property to the initiative and have agreed to resolve any pending patent litigation.

The unified standard will represent a second generation of satellite radios. At the time of the commercial launches of XM Radio and Sirius, consumers will be able to purchase radios capable of receiving one of the two companies' broadcasts. These radios are already being developed by leading electronics and automotive manufacturers. XM and Sirius will work with their existing automobile and radio manufacturing partners to integrate the new standard under the terms of their existing agreements. All future agreements with car manufacturers and radio partners will specify the new satellite radio standard.

XM Radio and Sirius are each building a digital satellite radio service for consumers, offering up to 100 channels of audio entertainment for a monthly subscription fee of US$ 9.95.

Military Space

Boeing Loses US$ 1.3 Billion GPS Option
Boeing has lost options to complete a US$ 1.3 billion project to build 33 GPS satellites for the US Air Force. Boeing will be allowed to build up to 12 of the satellites, but the rest of the satellites in the series will be put out to competitive tender.

Boeing's contract, which dates from 1997, with the USAF was for six satellites with options for a further 27.

The US Air Force has decided open bidding for the remaining satellites because of advances in technology since the original contract was signed three years ago.

Bidders for the new GPS contract are expected to be Boeing, Lockheed Martin and Loral Space and Communications.

Science

Mars Polar Lander Status
Scientists at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory have completed a detailed analysis of data taken by a radio telescope at Stanford University on January 4 and now believe that an extremely weak signal which may have come from the missing Mars Polar Lander was probably of terrestrial origin and not from the lander.

When the signals were discovered in data collected at Stanford after weeks of processing to extract them from the background noise the frequency of the signals, along with their associated frequency drifts were thought to indicate that the signals could originate from Mars. The frequency variations with time could be attributed to doppler shift and to the thermal drift of the signal source as it warmed and cooled through the Martian day.

Analysis of data taken by radio telescopes in the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, Italy and at Stanford in early February has not yielded any signal from Mars Polar Lander.

Extensive analysis of all data taken during the last few weeks is still ongoing but is not expected to yield any further results.

"We saw something in the January 4 data that had all the earmarks of a signal and we felt we had to check it out. In parallel, we started to perform analysis to determine if the signal came from Mars," said Richard Cook, project manager for Mars Polar Lander at JPL. "Based on the latest results, it is unlikely that we will attempt to listen again."

The review boards investigating the design of the Mars Polar Lander have also identified a potentially fatal design flaw which may explain the loss of the spacecraft. Vibration during re-entry could have shut-off the lander's descent engines. These thrusters were designed to be turned off when a switch in the lander's legs was activated following contact with the Martian surface, however, jarring during the descent could have caused the legs to flex, prematurely triggering the thruster switch off. The lander would then free fall to the surface.

The review boards will publish their results in mid March.

NASA's Contour Mission Receives Approval
NASA's Comet Nucleus Tour mission (CONTOUR) has received approval to begin building the spacecraft.

Planned for a July 2002 launch, CONTOUR is expected to encounter Comet Encke in November 2003 and Comet Schwassmann-Wachmann-3 in June 2006. The mission has the flexibility to include a flyby of Comet d'Arrest in 2008 or an as-yet undiscovered comet, perhaps originating from beyond the orbit of Pluto.

To date only one comet nucleus has ever been viewed by a spacecraft: Comet Halley in 1986. CONTOUR will fly past at least two comets and take higher resolution images than those of Halley. It will also collect and analyse gas and dust to reveal the comet's makeup, greatly improving our knowledge of key characteristics of comet nuclei and providing an assessment of their diversity. CONTOUR also will clear up the many mysteries of how comets evolve as they approach the Sun and their ices begin to evaporate.

The CONTOUR spacecraft will fly by each comet at the peak of its activity when it's close to the Sun. During each encounter, the target comet will also be well situated in the night sky for astronomers worldwide to make concurrent observations from the ground. The spacecraft will fly by each comet at a distance of about 100 km.

NEAR's Valentine Day Rendezvous With Eros
The NEAR probe has successfully entered orbit around the asteroid Eros. This follows an aborted attempt in January 1999 which failed when an engine misfired. NEAR was launched on 17 February 1996.

The NEAR (Near Earth Asteroid Rendezvous) mission is part of the NASA Discovery Program and is the first spacecraft to orbit an asteroid. NEAR will orbit the irregularly shaped asteroid 433 Eros (33 x 13 x 13 km) for a year using a range of instruments to determine its composition, structure and hopefully to indicate its origin.

NEAR carries a range of instruments including cameras, a laser rangefinder to map surface topography, X- and gamma-ray spectrometers to study its composition, and a radio transmitter.

On February 13 NEAR flew directly between the asteroid and the sun under ideal lighting conditions for the spacecraft's infrared spectrometer to make observations of the northern hemisphere to determine the asteroid's mineral composition. These observations will be repeated for the southern hemisphere in October when lighting conditions will again be optimal.

On February 14 NEAR used its hydrazine thrusters to slow itself to enter orbit around the asteroid. Over the next few months the orbit will be gradually lowered to an altitude of 50 km. This is a complex and difficult task because of the asteroid's weak gravitational field, its highly irregular shape and because it is rotating rapidly (every 5.27 hours). Such a manoeuvre has never been attempted before.

Initially the on board instruments will be used to determine the size mass and density of the asteroid, allowing the controllers to safely reduce the altitude of the orbit. NEAR's magnetometer will also map any magnetic field. Once in its lower orbit the X and gamma ray spectrometers will map the elemental composition of the asteroid.

In August the orbit will be raised to 500 km to make a map of all of Eros using the on board camera. Next, NEAR will swing in to a few kilometres altitude for the near infra red spectrometer to analyse the composition of surface rocks with a resolution of about 10 cm.

The final fate of NEAR has not yet been decided once its one year orbital mission has been completed. It is even possible the probe will be landed on Eros.

Manned Space

MirCorp Agrees Mir Lease
Netherlands based MirCorp has agreed to lease the mothballed Russian Mir space station from its owner Energia.

Energia, which is the majority shareholder in MirCorp, will continue to operate the station on behalf of MirCorp.

MirCorp has paid US$ 20 million to keep Mir in orbit until August. Another US$ 40 million will be required to service the station until the end of the year. MirCorp is reported to expect to pay up to US$ 200 million to renovate the station.

MirCorp intends to raise sponsorship by offering Mir for advertising, space tourism and scientific and pharmaceutical research.

Thruster Problems on Shuttle Radar Mapping Mission
In spite of early doubts about whether the current radar mapping mission could be completed because of problems with a thruster at the end of the 60 m antenna boom, it now seems likely that the mission will not be cut short.

A leak in the thruster at the end of the 60 m boom which was used to keep the boom parallel to the surface of the earth increased fuel usage by 50%, causing concerns that thruster fuel would run 8 hours before the end of mapping was scheduled.

As an interim measure the shuttle Endeavour used its own thrusters to stabilise the boom, depleting its own reserves.

NASA implemented a series of fuel saving measures that will eke out the shuttle fuel to the end of the mission. These have been helped by the mast itself which has proved easier to control in orbit than was anticipated and so requires less fuel than planned for stabilisation.

Endeavour is currently still scheduled to land on February 22 as planned.

Launch Vehicles

Snecma and Pratt & Whitney Cenfirm Joint Engine Development
Aero engine manufacturers Snecma and Pratt & Whitney have confirmed they plan to jointly develop a new, high-technology rocket engine for use in European and US launch vehicles.

The new engine, designated the SPW2000, is a liquid oxygen and hydrogen 45,000 to 60,000 pound thrust-class engine with potential application for the Ariane 5, Delta and Atlas launch vehicles.

After conducting conceptual design studies early this year, Pratt & Whitney and Snecma have signed a memorandum of understanding for the way for the joint development and production of a common engine. They are in the process of seeking appropriate government and agencies approvals. Under the MOU, Pratt & Whitney plans to take the lead role in marketing the SPW2000 engine in the United States while Snecma will take the lead role in marketing the engine to European customers. Each company will assemble and test engines using components it has produced or has been supplied by the other party.

Snecma, the prime contractor for Ariane liquid propulsion systems, is owned by the French government. It will lead a team of European companies who will assume activities for the SPW2000. Pratt & Whitney is a unit of United Technologies Corp.

Launches

Superbird 4

Launched: 18 February 2000
Site: CSG Kourou, French Guiana
Launcher: Ariane 44LP
Orbit: GEO 162° E
International Number: 2000-012A
Name: Superbird 4
Owner: Space Communications Corp
Contractor: Hughes Space and Communications

Superbird 4 is a geostationary communications satellite which will serve the Japanese and Asia Pacific market. It carries 23 Ku and 6 Ka band transponders on an HS 601 HP bus. Superbird 4's arrays will provide 5.5 kW of power end of life. Launch mass was 4057 kg.

Space Communications Corp of Tokyo is part of the Mitsubishi group.

Business

Gilat Acquires LearnLinc Corp
Gilat Communications Ltd has announced that it has reached an agreement to acquire LearnLinc Corporation, the world pioneer in live, collaborative Web-based training. LearnLinc's interactive e-learning systems are used by hundreds of corporations and organisations around the world to train and teach millions of student hours each year.

This transaction will be accomplished through an exchange of stock and will be accounted for as a pooling of interests. Gilat will issue 1,386,449 shares as consideration for this merger. The acquisition, which is subject to a number of conditions, is expected to be completed on or around February 29, 2000.

Gilat Finalises Acquisition of Allen Communication
Gilat Communications Ltd has announced today that it has finalised its acquisition of Allen Communication, a leading online training courseware and tools developer.

This move, along with the acquisition of LearnLinc Corporation, the world pioneer in live collaborative web-based training enhances and augments Gilat's strategic penetration into the US training market and furthers its goal of being a complete training solutions provider.

Allen Communication, founded in 1981, is in the business of improving human performance through teaching, training and informing and offers custom courseware development and consulting services as well as a variety of commercial tools. Based in Salt Lake City, Utah, Allen has additional development offices in Philadelphia, PA, and San Antonio, TX. It provides services in all facets of interactive multimedia training and communication - courseware, hardware and software.

Golden Telecom Acquires Sovam Teleport
Golden Telecom Inc, a leading facilities-based provider of integrated telecommunications and Internet services throughout Russia and other countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), has announced that its Ukrainian subsidiary, Golden Telecom LLC, has acquired the outstanding interests in Sovam Teleport Kiev, increasing its shareholding from 49% to 100%.

The merger of Sovam Teleport Kiev, a leading provider of data and Internet services across Ukraine, with Golden Telecom LLC, a leading independent provider of international telephony to Kiev-based businesses, allows the combined company to be the first digital telecom network in Ukraine to offer integrated voice and data services on a nationwide basis.

GTI is a leading facilities-based provider of integrated telecommunications services to businesses and other high-usage customers and telecommunications operators in Moscow, Kiev, St. Petersburg and other major population centres throughout Russia and other countries of the CIS. GTI offers competitive local exchange carrier services using its local access overlay networks in Moscow, Kiev and St. Petersburg; data and long-distance services using a fibre optic and satellite-based network, including more than 100 combined network access points in Russia and other countries of the CIS; and mobile services using cellular networks in Kiev, Vladivostok and other population centres throughout Russia.

InterPacket Acquires Multicast Newsfeed Business
InterPacket, the world's leading satellite-based Internet services network, has announced that it has acquired certain business assets of SatinNet Limited from Level 3 Communications Inc. The acquisition allows InterPacket to offer its ISP customers a multicast Usenet newsfeed, while greatly expanding its customer base in Western Europe.

InterPacket's news server provides a wide selection of articles from the Usenet community. The feed is filtered for spam, so only the most useful articles are delivered. The Usenet newsfeed is immediately available worldwide, and can be delivered to ISPs via four flexible delivery options, ranging from a 2 Mb/s multicast push service to direct access to InterPacket's news server.

InterPacket is the world's leading satellite-based Internet services network, providing its customers with high-speed Internet backbone connectivity, a wide range of value-added applications and multicasting of Web content. The company is based in Santa Monica, California with regional offices worldwide.

Interpacket Files for IPO
InterPacket Networks Inc has announced it has filed a registration statement with the Securities and Exchange Commission for the initial public offering of shares of its common stock. All shares to be sold will be offered by InterPacket Networks.

InterPacket Networks operates a satellite-based broadband Internet network that delivers high-speed Internet services to international Internet service providers and other businesses in more than 80 countries.

Iridium Begins to Restructure
Iridium LLC has secured new interim financing in an effort to expedite the transition of its assets and personnel to a new operating company.

Last week, Craig McCaw pulled out of an offer of US$ 74.6 million to continue financing the ailing company until June and now intends to buy Iridium.

The US Bankruptcy Court approved the provision of a total of US$ 5 million from Eagle River Investments LLC, Craig McCaw's investment company, and Motorola to finance the continued operation of Iridium until March 6.

Iridium expects that an investor group led by Eagle River will soon make a proposal for the purchase of Iridium's assets and expects to complete the sale by mid-April.

Iridium Japan to Close Down?
DDI Corp, Nippon Iridium Corp largest shareholder has said that it may close down the struggling mobile telephony satellite operator.

Other Nippon Iridium shareholders, however, have said that they have no plans to close the company.

Nippon Iridium Corp is the Japanese arm of the bankrupt Iridium LLC. DDI is the majority shareholder (35.7%) with the other main shareholders being: Iridium LLC (11.2%), Kyocera (10%).

Iridium is reported to have 4,000 subscribers in Japan. If Nippon Iridium folds, DDI will take over these subscribers.

Loral Sells Stock
Loral Space and Communications has announced that it has agreed to sell US$ 400 million of 6% convertible redeemable preferred stock due in 2007 in an offering exempt from registration.

The preferred stock will be convertible into shares of common stock at a conversion price of US$ 19.83 per share. Loral has also granted an option to the managers to purchase an additional US$ 80 million of preferred stock.

Loral intends to apply the proceeds from the sale of the preferred stock for general corporate purposes, including investment in its broadband strategy and expansion of the Loral Global Alliance, by acquisition of additional satellites and orbital slots.

The preferred stock will be offered only to qualified institutional buyers pursuant to Rule 144A and to certain persons in offshore transactions pursuant to Regulation S under the Securities Act of 1933. The preferred stock has not been registered under the Securities Act of 1933 and may not be offered or sold in the United States absent registration or an applicable exemption from registration requirements.

Nissan Sells Aerospace Division
Nissan Motor Co has reached an agreement with Ishikawajima-Harima Heavy Industries Cofor the sale of its aerospace division. The transaction is expected to be closed before August.

Nissan's Aerospace Division started research on rockets in 1953. As an integrated rocket development and manufacturing division, the unit has contributed to development of solid propellant rockets for scientific sounding rockets and practical satellites. The division reported net revenue of 51.2 billion yen in FY'98, and has 920 employees.

Space Imaging and Sensor Systems Sign Partnership Deal
Space Imaging and Sensor Systems have announced a new global strategic partnership that creates a stronger affiliation between Space Imaging's high-resolution satellite imagery and Sensor Systems' image analysis software.

As part of the agreement, Sensor Systems will become a reseller of Space Imaging's IKONOS imagery. Space Imaging will also become a reseller of Sensor Systems' RemoteView product line, one of the most comprehensive image analysis, visualization and geospatial processing software tools available. In addition, both companies will participate in joint strategic marketing and product development initiatives aimed at developing powerful new imaging solutions using IKONOS imagery and RemoteView software.

TRW to Bid for USAF ISC2 Contract
TRW Inc has been selected by the US Air Force to compete in the final stage of the Integrated Space Command and Control (ISC2) contract, a program valued at more than US$ 1.8 billion over 15 years.

Designed to modernise the command and control systems at the North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) and US Air Force Space Command in Colorado Springs, ISC2 will integrate approximately 40 air, space, and missile defence command and control systems into one integrated architecture, providing commanders at Space Command and NORAD with a common, global battlefield picture based on shared, real-time data.

Over the next four months, TRW will compete against Lockheed Martin, the other company selected to compete in the "Migration Demonstration" phase. This phase will demonstrate the flexibility of TRW's proposed architecture and its readiness to perform. This will be followed by a short government evaluation period with final contract award scheduled for mid-September.

TRW is bidding as the prime contractor with a core team that includes ITT Industries, Inc.; Harris Corp.; IBM Corp.; JAYCOR; Oracle Consulting; SAIC Corp.; and other speciality team-mates.

ISC2 is a joint services program which is sponsored by the US Air Force Space Command in Colorado Springs; the acquisition is being managed by Electronic Systems Center's Strategic and Nuclear Deterrence, Command and Control System Program Office at Peterson Air Force Base, Colorado.

Warner Buys Into Canal Satellite Digital
Warner Bros International Television, a unit of Time Warner Inc, has bought a 10% stake in Spain's leading pay-television platform, Canal Satellite Digital.

The transaction was worth EUR33 million.

Sogecable (20% owned by France's Canal Plus) now holds 83% of Canal Satellite Digital. Under the new agreement, Warner Bros will appoint a director to Canal Satellite Digital's board. Warner Bros also exercised a right to buy for EUR1 million 10% of Cinemania, which produces thematic channels. Sogecable would hold the rest.

Canal Satellite Digital has more than 800,000 subscribers.

Products and Services

Tandberg TV's New Evolution 5000 Range
Tandberg Television, a leading supplier of open digital solutions for the management and transmission of digital TV signals, has launched its new evolution 5000 broadcast range. The evolution 5000 product range includes open solutions for encoding, multiplexing, modulation, statistical multiplexing and control software. It will be available for both ATSC and DVB applications.

The range includes the following:

• evolution 5000 MPEG-2 Encoders - consists of three models, two of which are based on the C-Cube Dvexpert(TM) chip set.
• evolution 5000 Multiplexer - an MPEG video/audio and data multiplexer. It is an open system product supporting all common industry standard interfaces (including SMPTE310, DVB ASI Copper/Optical and DVB SPI).
• evolution 5000 Reflex(TM) Statistical Multiplexing
• evolution 5000 Multiplex Element Manager (MEM) - is an easy-to-use software control system that runs on a Windows NT platform that configures, controls and monitors all the system hardware components
• evolution 5000 High Definition (HD) Professional Receiver - the Tandberg Television PMRX5800 is an ATSC and DVB receiver for professional HD applications.

Tandberg Television ASA, a Norwegian technology company which provides open solutions for digital broadcasting, specialising in products and systems for the management and transmission of digital TV signals. Tandberg Television is a leader in digital video compression, multiplexing, transmission and reception and has proven systems integration and global support capabilities.

People

Astrolink Hires Asia Manager
Andy F. Fang has been named Vice President and General Manager of Asia at Astrolink. He will report directly to Celso Azevedo, president and chief executive officer, and will be responsible for the development and launch of Astrolink in Asia.

Astrolink is a wireless broadband venture scheduled to become the first global, satellite-based broadband service provider in 2003, with the start of service in the Americas, Europe, the Middle East, and Asia.

New European MD For GE Americom
GE American Communications (GE Americom) has announced the appointment of Eddy Frankland as Managing Director, European Sales, Global Satellite Services.

Based in London, Frankland will lead Americom's European sales team which includes staff in Munich, Budapest and other European cities where offices will be opening.

SkyStream Appoints New VP Legal Affairs and General Counsel
SkyStream Networks, a developer of broadcast Internet equipment, has announced the appointment of Roger E. George to Vice President of Legal Affairs and General Counsel.

He will be immediately responsible for all aspects of SkyStream's legal compliance, corporate development, corporate governance and general corporate law including contracts, real estate and employment law.

Spacehab's New CFO
Spacehab Inc has announced that Julia A. Pulzone will join the company as Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer. Ms. Pulzone succeeds Mark A. Kissman, who is leaving the company.

Ms. Pulzone will oversee all Spacehab financing operations, including corporate finance, accounting, budgeting, regulatory compliance reporting and investor relations. Ms. Pulzone also will spearhead the company's financial strategies for mergers and acquisitions.

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